
* Replication Data for: Endrich, M. and Gutmann, J. (2024). Pacem in terris: Are papal visits good news for human rights? Comparative Political Studies, forthcoming.
* Analysis conducted on Stata 17.0 MP
* User written commands may have to be installed. Particularly: ssc install estout



set scheme s2mono, permanently
use "data_main.dta", clear

local list1a "past_visits5 past_visits10 past_visits5_reg past_visits10_reg"
local list1b "saint_sum_log sainthood10 sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol"
local list1c "jubilee500 jubilee100 jubilee50 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco synod_year synod_thematic"
local list1d "birth_c_pope age_pope hospital_year papacy1 papacy2 papacy3"
local list2 "ties10 ties50 ties100 distcap_log reldist_weighted_WCD_form fst_weighted_new"
local list3 "pop_growth econ_growth conflict intwar civwar coups_bin_succ_br"



cap log close
log using "describe travel data.txt", text replace
*** WHERE DOES THE POPE TRAVEL? ***

di _N

ta cname
su year
bysort papacy_categorical: su year
ta cname name_pope

ta visit

ta visit regionname, col // regions
sort regionname cname year
list regionname cname year name_pope if visit==1

ta visit hospital_year, col // hospitalized
ta visit birth_c_pope, col // birth country

ta visit ties0, col // diplomatic ties being established
ta visit ties, col // diplomatic ties exist

ta visit ties10, col // anniversary of diplomatic ties
ta visit ties50, col
ta visit ties100, col

ta visit jubilee50, col // 50-year jubilee
ta visit jubilee100, col // 100-year jubilee
ta visit jubilee500, col // 500-year jubilee

ta visit synod_year, col
ta visit synod_thematic, col

ta visit congresses, col
ta visit congresses_bin, col
ta visit iec, col // IEC
ta visit wyd, col // WYD
ta visit wmf, col // WMF
ta visit celam, col // ECLA
ta visit secam, col
ta visit fabc, col
ta visit fcbco, col

ta visit coups_no_br, col
ta visit coups_bin_br, col
ta visit coups_no_fail_br, col
ta visit coups_bin_fail_br, col // failed coups
ta visit coups_no_succ_br, col
ta visit coups_bin_succ_br, col // successful coups

ta visit democracy_br, col // democracy
ta visit election, col
ta visit conflict, col
ta visit high_income, col

ta visit past_visits5, col
ta visit past_visits10, col

pwcorr visit age_pope
pwcorr visit human_rights_l v2x_gender
pwcorr visit saint_sum_log sainthood10
pwcorr visit catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol
pwcorr visit distcap distcap_log reldist_weighted_WCD_form fst_weighted_new
pwcorr visit intwar civwar polity2
pwcorr visit sainthood10_reg past_visits5_reg past_visits10_reg

log close



* TABLE B2 *

qui reg human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2'
gen sample=e(sample)==1

estimates clear
eststo: quietly estpost summarize human_rights_d human_rights_l visit `list3' `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' if sample==1
eststo: quietly estpost summarize human_rights_d human_rights_l visit `list3' `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' if visit==1&sample==1
esttab using "Table B2.rtf", cells("mean(fmt(2)) sd(fmt(2)) min(fmt(2)) max(fmt(2))") nonumber title("Table B2: Descriptive statistics") mtitle("Full" "Treated") varwidth(25) modelwidth(6) replace ///
varlabels(human_rights_d "FD: Human Rights" visit "Pope Visit" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant")



* FIGURE A1 *

use "figure_paul_vi.dta", clear
grmap visit_paul_vi if cname!="Antarctica", id(_ID) fcolor(Blues2) title("Paul VI", size(*0.5)) ndfcolor(white) clmethod(custom) clbreaks(1 2 3 4 10) legend(off)
graph save "paul_vi.gph", replace
ta visit_paul_vi, mi

use "figure_john_paul_ii.dta", clear
grmap visit_john_paul_ii if cname!="Antarctica", id(_ID) fcolor(Blues2) title("John Paul II", size(*0.5)) ndfcolor(white) clmethod(custom) clbreaks(1 2 3 4 10) legend(off)
graph save "john_paul_ii.gph", replace
ta visit_john_paul_ii, mi

use "figure_benedict_xvi.dta", clear
drop if _CX < -120
grmap visit_benedict_xvi if cname!="Antarctica", id(_ID) fcolor(Blues2) title("Benedict XVI", size(*0.5)) ndfcolor(white) clmethod(custom) clbreaks(1 2 3 4 10) legtitle() legorder(hilo) legend(size(*1.5)) legend(label(1 "No visit") label(2 "1") label(3 "2") label(4 "3") label(5 "4+"))
graph save "benedict_xvi.gph", replace
ta visit_benedict_xvi, mi

use "figure_francis.dta", clear
grmap visit_francis if cname!="Antarctica", id(_ID) fcolor(Blues2) title("Francis", size(*0.5)) ndfcolor(white) clmethod(custom) clbreaks(1 2 3 4 10) legend(off)
graph save "francis.gph", replace
ta visit_francis, mi

graph combine paul_vi.gph john_paul_ii.gph benedict_xvi.gph francis.gph
graph export "Figure A1.png", as(png) replace

erase paul_vi.gph
erase john_paul_ii.gph
erase benedict_xvi.gph
erase francis.gph



* FIGURE 2 *

use "data_main.dta", clear
xtset ccode year

qui regress human_rights_d L.human_rights F15.visit F14.visit F13.visit F12.visit F11.visit F10.visit F9.visit F8.visit F7.visit F6.visit F5.visit F4.visit F3.visit F2.visit F1.visit visit L1.visit L2.visit L3.visit L4.visit L5.visit i.year i.ccode, vce(cluster ccode)
ta visit if e(sample)==1
margins, dydx(F15.visit F14.visit F13.visit F12.visit F11.visit F10.visit F9.visit F8.visit F7.visit F6.visit F5.visit F4.visit F3.visit F2.visit F1.visit visit L1.visit L2.visit L3.visit L4.visit L5.visit)
parmest, format(estimate min95 max95 %8.2f p %8.1e) norestore
gen time=.
replace time=-15 if parm=="F15.visit"
replace time=-14 if parm=="F14.visit"
replace time=-13 if parm=="F13.visit"
replace time=-12 if parm=="F12.visit"
replace time=-11 if parm=="F11.visit"
replace time=-10 if parm=="F10.visit"
replace time=-9 if parm=="F9.visit"
replace time=-8 if parm=="F8.visit"
replace time=-7 if parm=="F7.visit"
replace time=-6 if parm=="F6.visit"
replace time=-5 if parm=="F5.visit"
replace time=-4 if parm=="F4.visit"
replace time=-3 if parm=="F3.visit"
replace time=-2 if parm=="F2.visit"
replace time=-1 if parm=="F.visit"
replace time=0 if parm=="visit"
replace time=1 if parm=="L.visit"
replace time=2 if parm=="L2.visit"
replace time=3 if parm=="L3.visit"
replace time=4 if parm=="L4.visit"
replace time=5 if parm=="L5.visit"
drop if time==.
graph twoway (connected estimate time, msymbol(none) lwidth(.5)) (line min95 time, lpattern(dash) lwidth(.5)) (line max95 time, lpattern(dash) lwidth(.5)), xlabel(-15 -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 5) ylabel(-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15) legend(off) xline(-1.5, lwidth(18) lc(gs12%60)) yline(0, lc(red)) yline(-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15, lcolor(gs15)) xtitle("") xline(-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5, lcolor(gs15))
graph export "Figure 2.png", replace as(png)



use "data_endog.dta", clear

qui reg human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3'
gen sample1=e(sample)==1



* TABLE 1 *

estimates clear
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols1
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols2
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols3
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols4
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year i.ccode `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols5
esttab ols* using "Table 1.rtf", title("Table 1: OLS estimates – outcome model") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(0.visit *.year year *.ccode) replace



* TABLE C3 *

estimates clear
regress v2xpe_exlgender_d v2xpe_exlgender_l i.visit if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols1
regress v2xpe_exlgender_d v2xpe_exlgender_l i.visit `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols2
regress v2xpe_exlgender_d v2xpe_exlgender_l i.visit year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols3
regress v2xpe_exlgender_d v2xpe_exlgender_l i.visit i.year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols4
regress v2xpe_exlgender_d v2xpe_exlgender_l i.visit i.year i.ccode `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols5
esttab ols* using "Table C3.rtf", title("Table C3: Exclusion by gender") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" v2xpe_exlgender_l "Exclusion by Gender (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(0.visit *.year year *.ccode) replace



* TABLE C4 *

estimates clear
regress v2x_gender_d v2x_gender_l i.visit if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols1
regress v2x_gender_d v2x_gender_l i.visit `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols2
regress v2x_gender_d v2x_gender_l i.visit year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols3
regress v2x_gender_d v2x_gender_l i.visit i.year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols4
regress v2x_gender_d v2x_gender_l i.visit i.year i.ccode `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols5
esttab ols* using "Table C4.rtf", title("Table C4: Women political empowerment") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" v2x_gender_l "Women Empowerment (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(0.visit *.year year *.ccode) replace



* Table C1 *

use "data_placebo1.dta", clear
qui reg human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3'
gen sample1=e(sample)==1

estimates clear
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols1
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols2
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols3
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols4
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year i.ccode `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols5
esttab ols* using "Table C1.rtf", title("Table C1: Effect of a visit four years earlier") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(0.visit *.year year *.ccode) replace



* Table C2 *

use "data_placebo2.dta", clear
qui reg human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3'
gen sample1=e(sample)==1

estimates clear
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols1
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols2
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols3
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols4
regress human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit i.year i.ccode `list3' if sample1==1, vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store ols5
esttab ols* using "Table C2.rtf", title("Table C2: Effect of a visit four years later") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(0.visit *.year year *.ccode) replace



use "data_endog.dta", clear
qui reg human_rights_d human_rights_l i.visit year `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3'
gen sample1=e(sample)==1



* Tables 2 and A.1 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5
esttab etm* using "Tables 2 and A.1.rtf", title("Tables 2 (outcome) and A.1 (selection)") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(*.year year *.ccode) replace



* Table D1 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol jubilee50 jubilee100 jubilee500 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1s2
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol jubilee50 jubilee100 jubilee500 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2s2
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol jubilee50 jubilee100 jubilee500 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3s2
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol jubilee50 jubilee100 jubilee500 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4s2
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol jubilee50 jubilee100 jubilee500 iec wyd wmf celam secam fabc fcbco `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5s2
esttab etm* using "Table D1.rtf", title("Table D1: ETM estimates – reduced selection model") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(*.year year *.ccode) replace



* Table D2 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1s3
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2s3
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3s3
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4s3
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode, treat(visit=human_rights_l past_visits10 past_visits10_reg sainthood10_reg catholic_epol christian_other_epol muslim_epol rel_comp_epol `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5s3
esttab etm* using "Table D2.rtf", title("Table D2: ETM estimates – reduced selection model w/o major celebrations") cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" visit "Pope Visit" year "Time Trend" past_visits5 "Past Visits (t-1/t-5)" past_visits10 "Past Visits (t-6/t-10)" ties10 "10 Years Dipl. Ties" ties50 "50 Years Dipl. Ties" ties100 "100 Years Dipl. Ties" fst_weighted_new "Distance: Genetic" distcap_log "Distance: Geographic" reldist_weighted_WCD_form "Distance: Religious" c.age_pope#c.distcap_log "Distance: Geo. * Pope: Age" rel_comp_epol "Religious Competition" catholic_epol "Share Catholic" muslim_epol "Share Muslim" christian_other_epol "Share Other Christian" jubilee100 "Church Jubilee (100 years)" jubilee50 "Church Jubilee (50 years)" jubilee500 "Church Jubilee (500 years)" iec "Int. Eucharistic Congress" wyd "World Youth Day" wmf "W. Meeting of Families" celam "CELAM" secam "SECAM" fabc "FABC" fcbco "FCBCO" synod_year "Year of Synod" synod_thematic "Synod Theme" papacy2 "Pope: Benedict XVI" papacy3 "Pope: Francis" papacy1 "Pope: John Paul II" age_pope "Pope: Age" birth_c_pope "Pope: Birth Country" hospital_year "Pope: Year Hospitalized" saint_sum_log "Log-Total Past Saints" sainthood10 "Past Saints (t-1/t-10)" sainthood10_reg "Past Saints (t-1/t-10), regional" past_visits5_reg "Past Visits (t-1/t-5), regional" past_visits10_reg "Past Visits (t-6/t-10), regional" pop_growth "Population Growth" econ_growth "Economic Growth" intwar "Int. War (Polity)" civwar "Civil War (Polity)" conflict "Conflict (VDEM)" coups_bin_succ_br "Successful Coup" human_rights_l "Human Rights (t-1)" _cons "Constant") varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) drop(*.year year *.ccode) replace



* Table E1 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l 1.visit#c.catholic_epol if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1c
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l 1.visit#c.catholic_epol, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2c
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year 1.visit#c.catholic_epol, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3c
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year 1.visit#c.catholic_epol, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4c
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode 1.visit#c.catholic_epol, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5c
margins r.visit
esttab etm* using "Table E1.rtf", title("Table E1: Endogenous treatment model, conditional on share of Catholics") keep(1.visit 1.visit#c.catholic_epol) cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) replace varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" 1.visit#c.catholic_epol "Visit * Share Catholics")



* Table E2 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l 1.visit#1.high_income if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1i
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l 1.visit#1.high_income, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2i
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year 1.visit#1.high_income, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3i
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year 1.visit#1.high_income, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4i
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode 1.visit#1.high_income, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5i
margins r.visit
esttab etm* using "Table E2.rtf", title("Table E2: Endogenous treatment model, conditional on income per capita") keep(1.visit 1.visit#1.high_income) cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) replace varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" 1.visit#1.high_income "Visit * High Income")



* Table E3 *

estimates clear
etregress human_rights_d human_rights_l 1.visit#1.democracy_br if sample1==1, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm1d
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l 1.visit#1.democracy_br, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm2d
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l year 1.visit#1.democracy_br, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm3d
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year 1.visit#1.democracy_br, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm4d
margins r.visit
etregress human_rights_d `list3' human_rights_l i.year i.ccode 1.visit#1.democracy_br, treat(visit=human_rights_l `list1a' `list1b' `list1c' `list1d' `list2' `list3' c.age_pope#c.distcap_log) vce(cluster ccode)
estimates store etm5d
margins r.visit
esttab etm* using "Table E3.rtf", title("Table E3: Endogenous treatment model, conditional on democracy") keep(1.visit 1.visit#1.democracy_br) cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(2))) stats(N_clust N, fmt(0) labels("Countries" "Observations")) varwidth(25) modelwidth(8) legend nomtitles starlevels(* 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001) replace varlabels(1.visit "Pope Visit" 1.visit#1.democracy_br "Visit * Democracy")



* Figure F1 *

use "data_media.dta", clear

drop  if ch_h==. | ch_h_post==. | ch_h_pre==.
gen n=_n
expand 3
bysort n: gen t=_n
gen ch=ch_h_pre if t==1
replace ch=ch_h if t==2
replace ch=ch_h_post if t==3

set scheme s2mono
graph box ch, nooutsides legend(off) note("") ytitle("") over(t, relabel(1 "t-1" 2 "t" 3 "t+1") gap(40))
graph export "Figure F1.png", as(png) replace



* Media Analysis *

cap log close
log using "media analysis.txt", replace text

use "data_media.dta", clear

* How much of the global human rights discussion deals with the pope and the country?
su chp_h* if chp_h!=. & chp_h_post!=. & chp_h_pre!=.
* How much of the global human rights discussion deals with the country?
su ch_h* if ch_h!=. & ch_h_post!=. & ch_h_pre!=.
* How much of the attention the country gets is linked to human rights?
su ch_c* if ch_c!=. & ch_c_post!=. & ch_c_pre!=.

log close



* Table F1 *

estimates clear
eststo: qui regress ch_h ch_h_pre hrights4 year pope_dummies1 pope_dummies2 pope_dummies3
eststo: qui regress ch_h ch_h_pre hrights4 i.year
eststo: qui tobit ch_h ch_h_pre hrights4 year pope_dummies1 pope_dummies2 pope_dummies3, ll(0)
eststo: qui tobit ch_h ch_h_pre hrights4 i.year, ll(0)
esttab * using "Table F1.rtf", b(%9.3f) se(%9.3f) replace stats(r2 chi2 N, fmt(2 2 0) label("R-sq." "Chi-sq." "Observations")) sfmt(g) nogaps nonotes title("Table F1: Human rights in speeches and media coverage during papal visits") ///
mtitles("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)") numbers varwidth(12) modelwidth(5) coeflabels(ch_h_pre "Y_t-1") drop(*.year var(e.ch_h))



* Table F2 *

estimates clear
eststo: qui regress ch_h ch_h_pre hrights7 year pope_dummies1 pope_dummies2 pope_dummies3
eststo: qui regress ch_h ch_h_pre hrights7 i.year
eststo: qui tobit ch_h ch_h_pre hrights7 year pope_dummies1 pope_dummies2 pope_dummies3, ll(0)
eststo: qui tobit ch_h ch_h_pre hrights7 i.year, ll(0)
esttab * using "Table F2.rtf", b(%9.3f) se(%9.3f) replace stats(r2 chi2 N, fmt(2 2 0) label("R-sq." "Chi-sq." "Observations")) sfmt(g) nogaps nonotes title("Table F2: Human rights in speeches and media coverage during papal visits") ///
mtitles("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)") numbers varwidth(12) modelwidth(5) coeflabels(ch_h_pre "Y_t-1") drop(*.year var(e.ch_h))

